TY  - JOUR
AB  - Title I and IDEA are complementary federal responses to different sources of low achievement. Title I targets opportunity-mediated underachievement, while IDEA targets persistent underachievement for which deficits in ordinary educational opportunity are not the primary explanation. A simple framework and stylized simulation show that performance-based IDEA increasingly converges toward the same opportunity margin already served by Title I.
AU  - Shores, Kenneth A.
AU  - Souto-Maior, Joao M.
PY  - 2026
ST  - Title I and IDEA as Complementary Federal Responses: Distinguishing Opportunity-Mediated and Opportunity-Independent Underachievement
TI  - Title I and IDEA as Complementary Federal Responses: Distinguishing Opportunity-Mediated and Opportunity-Independent Underachievement
UR  - http://www.edworkingpapers.com/ai26-1443
ER  -