@EdWorkingPaper{ai26-1443,
title = "Title I and IDEA as Complementary Federal Responses: Distinguishing Opportunity-Mediated and Opportunity-Independent Underachievement",
author = "Kenneth A. Shores, Joao M. Souto-Maior",
institution = "Annenberg Institute at Brown University",
number = "1443",
year = "2026",
month = "April",
URL = "http://www.edworkingpapers.com/ai26-1443",
abstract = {Title I and IDEA are complementary federal responses to different sources of low achievement. Title I targets opportunity-mediated underachievement, while IDEA targets persistent underachievement for which deficits in ordinary educational opportunity are not the primary explanation. A simple framework and stylized simulation show that performance-based IDEA increasingly converges toward the same opportunity margin already served by Title I.},
}