TY  - JOUR
AB  - Currently, 6.1 percent of K-12 students in the United States receive gifted education. Using education and IRS data that provide information on students and their family income, we show pronounced differences in who schools identify as gifted across the distribution of family income. Under 4 percent of students in the lowest income percentile are identified as gifted, compared with 20 percent of those in the top income percentile. Income-based differences persist after accounting for student test scores and exist across students of different sexes and racial/ethnic groups, underscoring the importance of family resources for gifted identification in schools.
AU  - Ainsworth, Nicholas 
AU  - Ainsworth, Aaron J. 
AU  - Cleveland, Christopher 
AU  - Clark, Leah R. 
AU  - Hibel, Jacob
AU  - Brummet, Quentin 
AU  - Saultz, Andrew
AU  - Penner, Emily 
AU  - Spiegel, Michelle 
AU  - Hanselman, Paul
AU  - Penner, Andrew 
PY  - 2026
ST  - Gifted Identification Across the Distribution of Family Income
TI  - Gifted Identification Across the Distribution of Family Income
UR  - http://www.edworkingpapers.com/ai26-1375
ER  -