@EdWorkingPaper{ai26-1375,
title = "Gifted Identification Across the Distribution of Family Income",
author = "Nicholas Ainsworth, Aaron J. Ainsworth, Christopher Cleveland, Leah R. Clark, Quentin Brummet, Emily Penner, Jacob Hibel, Andrew Saultz, Michelle Spiegel, Paul Hanselman, Andrew Penner",
institution = "Annenberg Institute at Brown University",
number = "1375",
year = "2026",
month = "January",
URL = "http://www.edworkingpapers.com/ai26-1375",
abstract = {Currently, 6.1 percent of K-12 students in the United States receive gifted education. Using education and IRS data that provide information on students and their family income, we show pronounced differences in who schools identify as gifted across the distribution of family income. Under 4 percent of students in the lowest income percentile are identified as gifted, compared with 20 percent of those in the top income percentile. Income-based differences persist after accounting for student test scores and exist across students of different sexes and racial/ethnic groups, underscoring the importance of family resources for gifted identification in schools.},
}