@EdWorkingPaper{ai25-1256,
title = "From Funds to Frameworks: How States Operationalize Title II Education Funding",
author = "Yubin Jang, Lauren P. Bailes",
institution = "Annenberg Institute at Brown University",
number = "1256",
year = "2025",
month = "August",
URL = "http://www.edworkingpapers.com/ai25-1256",
abstract = {This study employs a document analysis of Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) plans from 2017 to 2022 to examine Title II, Part A, implementation across all states. We analyzed state-level fund allocation, leadership development activities, and discrepancies between planned and actual spending. Results reveal substantial heterogeneity in state approaches: 23.5% made Title II-A-specific plan amendments, yet 86.3% maximized state reserves by 2020-2021. Leadership reserve allocation increased from 31.4% to 45.1%, indicating growing recognition of leadership importance. Findings suggest federal policy allows state adaptation while highlighting significant gaps between planning and implementation in educational leadership funding.},
}