@EdWorkingPaper{ai22-554,
title = "Biased Opportunities: The Role of Implicit and Explicit Bias in Advanced Placement and Dual Enrollment",
author = "Kaitlin P. Anderson",
institution = "Annenberg Institute at Brown University",
number = "554",
year = "2022",
month = "April",
URL = "http://www.edworkingpapers.com/ai22-554",
abstract = {Black and Latinx students are under-represented in Advanced Placement (AP) and Dual Enrollment (DE), and implicit bias of educators has been discussed as one potential contributing factor. In this study, I test whether implicit and explicit racial bias are related to AP and DE participation and racial/ethnic gaps in participation, controlling for various observable contextual factors. I find a small relationship between implicit racial bias and disparate AP participation for Black students relative to White students, and suggestive evidence of a relationship between explicit racial bias and disparate DE participation for Black students relative to White students. Further, more explicitly-biased communities tend to have lower AP participation rates overall. Implications for school leaders regarding implicit bias training and other ways to address systemic inequities in access are discussed.},
}