@EdWorkingPaper{ai21-444,
title = "Cramming: Short- and Long-Run Effects",
author = "Michael Gilraine, Jeffrey Penney",
institution = "Annenberg Institute at Brown University",
number = "444",
year = "2021",
month = "August",
URL = "http://www.edworkingpapers.com/ai21-444",
abstract = {An administrative rule allowed students who failed an exam to retake it shortly after, triggering strong `teach to the test' incentives to raise these students' test scores for the retake. We develop a model that accounts for truncation and find that these students score 0.14 standard deviations higher on the retest. Using a regression discontinuity design, we estimate thirty percent of these gains persist to the following year. These results provide evidence that test-focused instruction or `cramming' raises contemporaneous performance, but a large portion of these gains fade-out. Our findings highlight that persistence should be accounted for when comparing educational interventions.},
}